One might use intensity sampling in conjunction with other sampling methods. Special topics design issues for prepost survey sampling for program evaluation and longitudinal study design, whoepi cluster sampling, lot qu ality assurance sampling lqas, sample size estimation for program evaluation. To study the consumption pattern of households, the people living in houses, hotels, hospitals, prison etc. The simplified lqas classification technique provides binary or twotier classifications for binary or twotier classifications classify coverage as either being above or below a single threshold d based on a coverage proportion p standard.
The use of a lot quality assurance sampling methodology to. This training package focuses on a sample survey methodologylot quality assurance sampling lqasthat focuses on giving program managers the information they need to set program baselines and targets, direct resources, and discover the source of problems. Lqas in africa a video guide for local users youtube. Lqas was originally developed in the 1920s as a method of assuring a minimum level of quality in industrial production. Nonprobability sampling involves the selection of elements from a population using nonrandom procedures. Samplingbased integration is useful for computing the normalizing constant that turns an arbitrary nonnegative function fx into a probability density function px. Special topics design issues for prepost survey sampling for program evaluation and longitudinal study design, whoepi cluster sampling, lot qu ality assurance samplinglqas, sample size estimation for program evaluation. User beware researchers around the world are using lot quality assurance sampling lqas techniques to assess public health parameters and evaluate program. Methods six studies using lot quality assurance sampling were conducted between. Abstract we present the statistical theory of inventory and monitoring from a. The lqas, compared to similar sampling techniques like stratified and cluster sampling, provides less information but often requires substantially smaller sample sizes 12. Sampling techniques introduction to sampling distinguishing between a sample and a population simple random sampling step 1. Intensity sampling can allow the researcher to select a small number of rich cases that provide in depth information and knowledge of a phenomenon of interest. This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution.
Lot quality assurance sampling lqas for monitoring a leprosy. Statistical techniques for sampling and monitoring natural resources. The videos were developed by lstms monitoring and evaluation technical assistance and research metre group, a multidisciplinary group led by professor jo. Statistical techniques for sampling and monitoring natural. Complementary methods are available to regularly monitor outcomes of malaria control programs. Lot quality assurance sampling for monitoring coverage and. This training package focuses on a sample survey methodology lot quality assurance sampling lqasthat focuses on giving program managers the information they need to set program baselines and targets, direct resources, and discover the source of problems. Every member of the population is equally likely to be selected. Basic principles of lot quality assurance sampling lqas for carrying out baseline and monitoring surveys of community programs some statistics behind the lqas methodology present some practical examples of lqas application in the field purpose of the presentation. Disadvantages a it is a difficult and complex method of samplings. Testing the credibility of lqas as a sampling mechanism. In these lqas surveys, an area is classified as having acceptable or unacceptable. A sampling frame is a list of the actual cases from which sample will be drawn. Sampling problems may differ in different parts of the population.
The lqas, compared to similar sampling techniques like stratified and cluster sampling, provides less information but often requires substantially smaller. Total number of locations number of locations to sample. It is useful when the researcher know little about a group or organisation. A complete sample was collected from each commune i. Lqas is an efficient sampling approach that is adopted by diverse sectors along with health to facilitate the monitoring activities. The lot quality assurance sampling lqasfrequently asked questions. For example, one may collect 50 cases and then select a subset of intense cases for more in depth analysis. The world health organizations who department of immunization, vaccines, and biologicals has long provided guidance on assessing vaccination coverage using both cluster and lot quality assurance sampling lqas survey methods.
A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research. Jun 09, 2012 multistage sampling selects samples using more than two sampling techniques rarely used because of the complexity of its application requires a lot of effort, time, and cost 31. Lqas is a tool for managers to help them improve overall program performance. Outcome monitoring and evaluation using lqas measure. Gupte 1 1 national institute of epidemiology, chennai, india 2 national polio surveillance project, pondicherry, india 3 world health organization, field epidemiology training. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas is a method commonly used in development settings to assess populations living in a project catchment. The who used this method to assess immunization coverage. Lot qualityassurance sampling information from lots can be combined to obtain the overall proportion of defects. The fact sheet describes how the rapid, populationbased surveying and analysis method was used in the countries. Samples are then taken from every lot, and the proportion of defective items in each lot is calculated. In the past 20 years, simple lqas binary classification surveys have become increasingly popular in global health care applications. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas is used for the monitoring of programme coverage indicators, based on a strati.
Estimation of measles vaccination coverage using the lot. Estimation of measles vaccination coverage using the lot quality assurance sampling lqas method tamilnadu, india, 20022003. The lot quality assurance sampling lqas method was used to identify health subcenters in the pphc area with measles vaccination coverage levels sampling plans were used to determine that the measles vaccination status of 73 children aged 1223 months had to be assessed in. The 30 by 7 cluster survey is a modified twostage cluster sample and the lqas method is a type of stratified sample. Review of lot quality assurance sampling, methodology and. After conducting a 30 cluster sample, project staff may want to stratify a particular indicator which has been asked of all 300 mothers by age, for example.
Sampling gordon lynchi introduction one of the aspects of research design often overlooked by researchers doing fieldwork in the study of religion is the issue of sampling. Using lot qualityassurance sampling and area sampling to identify. Among others techniques, 30 by 7 cluster sampling and lot quality assurance samplinglqas methods have been described in literature for. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas is a statistical method emanating from the brilliant work of dodge and romig,1 which, together with that of shewhart,2 developed into what is known today as statistical quality control. Note that the two methods are not mutually exclusive, and may be used for different purposes at different. Compared to similar sampling techniques like stratified and cluster sampling, lqas provides less information but often requires substantially smaller sample sizes. Introducing participants and the trainingsurvey session 2. In this article the practical ap plications of lqas techniques in health surveys in. Simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling fall into the category of simple sampling techniques.
Random sampling the first statistical sampling method is simple random sampling. Methods computer simulations confirmed that small clusters instead of a simple random sample could be used for lqas assessments. Sampling theory chapter 4 stratified sampling shalabh, iit kanpur page 5 now 1 1 1 1 k stii i k i i i ey ney n ny n y thus yst is an unbiased estimator of y. New tools for evaluating lqas survey designs emerging. For example, a tester could randomly select 5 inputs to a test case from the population of all. Raj, p4 all these four steps are interwoven and cannot be considered isolated from one another. Department of agriculture, forest service, rocky mountain research station. Both 30cluster sampling and lqas allow for different types of stratification. Statistical techniques for sampling and monitoring natural resources hans t. The lqas designs were fieldtested and their results compared with those from a 30. Basic principles of lot quality assurance sampling lqas. Among these, lot quality assurance sampling loas has been proposed as a useful methodology for monitoring health pro gramme performance at both health centre or com munity level 2, 3. Lqas for baseline surveys and regular monitoring participants manual and workbook.
Participants manual, module 1 page pm5 module one why should i do a survey and why should i use the lqas method. Sampling was schoolbased rather than communitybased. Simple random sampling and systematic sampling simple random sampling and systematic sampling provide the foundation for almost all of the more complex sampling designs based on probability sampling. Facts about lot quality assurance sampling measure. Freedman department of statistics university of california berkeley, ca 94720 the basic idea in sampling is extrapolation from the part to the wholefrom the sample to the population. Chapter 5 choosing the type of probability sampling 127 three techniques are typically used in carrying out step 6. Performance of the lot quality assurance sampling method. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas, developed to meet industrial quality control needs, has been applied to health surveys. For example, using 30cluster sampling, a community health project may have gathered information on weightforage for children under two years of age.
This should be a spatial sampling method that yields a reasonably even. This calculator is made possible by the generous support of the american people, through the support of the office of health, infectious diseases, and nutrition, bureau for global health, united states agency for international development usaid, under terms of cooperative agreement no. Facts about lot quality assurance sampling measure evaluation. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas an overview uphold. Given the multiple challenges of logistics and security in west darfur, a management method using lot quality assurance sampling lqas was proposed for the monitoring and evaluation of medairs services. Area sampling techniques were used to determine sampling locations within each commune 2831. Humanitarian agencies working in refugee camp settings require rapid assessment methods to measure the needs of the populations they serve. Contacting members of the sample stratified random sampling convenience sampling quota sampling thinking critically about. A concise summary of implementing lot quality assurance sampling lqas in maternal and child health surveying in kenya and liberia is now available. Sleac uses the same simplified lqas classification technique that is used in. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas is a random sampling methodology, originally developed in the 1920s as a method of quality control in industrial production. This may also be accomplished with lqas data by calculating the weighted mean and ci separately for boys and girls or for independent age groups.
Select a random starting village a random starting village from the top of the list was selected using a random number between one and the sampling interval. Lots quality assurance survey lqas as a strategy to. This is suggested by the name strata, with its implication of a division into layers. Sampling may be done either a probability or a nonprobability basis. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas is one such method. Multistage sampling selects samples using more than two sampling techniques rarely used because of the complexity of its application requires a lot of effort, time, and cost 31. Population divided into different groups from which we sample randomly. Simplified lot quality assurance sampling evaluation of. Survey stage one sampling systematic spatial sample step 4. Lqas allows the researcher to draw inferences both at the sampling unit level and to extrapolate the results after combining the sampling units for the larger sampling frame a desirable quality in programmatic conditions which is not the case with other rapid assessment techniques 7,8,9. Binary or twotier classification sleac uses the same simplified lqas classification technique that is used in squeac smallarea surveys. It involves taking a small random sample from each set of items in the population and testing each sampled item to determine whether it. It is seen as a good alternative to more complex and often more costly sampling techniques. Sep 30, 2019 lqas allows the researcher to draw inferences both at the sampling unit level and to extrapolate the results after combining the sampling units for the larger sampling frame a desirable quality in programmatic conditions which is not the case with other rapid assessment techniques 7,8,9.
Methods the lqas survey method for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma was adapted for use in viet nam with the aim of classifying. The change in method should be explained in the narrative of the results. Since the 1980s,3 lqas has transitioned into the health sciences and has gained considerable appeal in a wide range of applications. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas is a rapid method to assess the quality of vaccination survey coverage following immunization supplementary activities sia in predefined areas such as a health district known as lots, using a small sample size. Review of lot quality assurance sampling, methodology and its. A manual for selecting sampling techniques in research 4 preface the manual for sampling techniques used in social sciences is an effort to describe various types of sampling methodologies that are used in researches of social sciences in an easy and understandable way. The lqas method was applied in 57 workareas of community health work ers in icddr,bserved. It is relatively commonplace for books and articles in the field particularly written from a humanities perspective to present their empirical data as being of self. Lot quality assurance sampling lqas, also referred to as sampling for attributes and acceptance sampling, has a long history of applications in industrial quality control 1, 2.
Simple random sampling in an ordered systematic way, e. In this method, each item in the population has the same probability of being selected as part of the sample as any other item. Pdf lot quality assurance sampling lqas, developed to meet industrial quality control needs, has been applied to health surveys. Aidoaaa00014, through the food and nutrition technical assistance ii project fanta2 bridge, managed. If each stratum is homogeneous, in that the measurements vary little from one unit to another, a precise estimate of any stratum mean can be obtained from a small sample in that.